Skin serves as the mirror of underlying systemic problems. The early diagnosis of subtle cutaneous clinical pointers often helps in identifying renal disorders, obviating the delay in diagnosis and treatment. Cutaneous changes can be observed from the beginning of renal impairment until the evolution to terminal stage, in uremia, hemodialysis, and after kidney transplantation. In the review, we have discussed the cutaneous changes, its implicated etiopathogenesis, and their treatment options, as encountered in chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis and post-renal transplantation.

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a cutaneous sequel of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar and has become an entity of epidemiological significance by virtue of its ability to maintain the disease in circulation during inter-epidemic periods. PKDL has been identified as one of the epidemiological marker of “kala-azar elimination programme.” Data obtained in 2018 showed PKDL distribution primarily concentrated in 6 countries, which includes India, Sudan, south Sudan, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Nepal in decreasing order of case-burden. In India, PKDL cases are mainly found in 54 districts, of which 33 are in Bihar, 11 in West Bengal, 4 in Jharkhand, and 6 in Uttar Pradesh. In West Bengal the districts reporting cases of PKDL cases include Darjeeling, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Malda, and Murshidabad. The vulnerability on the young age is documented in various studies. The studies also highlights a male predominance of the disease but recent active surveillance suggested that macular form of PKDL shows female-predominance. It is recommended that along with passive case detection, active survey helps in early identification of cases, thus reducing disease transmission in the community. The Accelerated plan for Kala-azar elimination in 2017 introduced by Government of India with the goal to eliminate Kala-azar as a public health problem, targets to reduceing annual incidence <1/10,000. Leishmania donovani is the established causative agent, but others like L. tropica or L. infantum may occasionally lead to the disease, especially with HIV-co-infection. Dermal tropism of the parasite has been attributed to overexpression of parasite surface receptors (like gp 63, gp46). Various host factors are also identified to contribute to the development of the disease, including high pretreatment IL 10 and parasite level, inadequate dose and duration of treatment, malnutrition, immuno-suppression, decreased interferon-gamma receptor 1 gene, etc. PKDL is mostly concentrated in the plains below an altitude of 600 mts which is attributed to the environment conducive for the vector sand fly (Phlebotumus). Risk factors are also linked to the habitat of the sand fly. Keeping these things in mind “Integrated vector control” is adopted under National vector borne disease control programme as one of the strategies to bring down the disease burden.

Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a mucocutaneous disease usually seen in apparently cured, inadequately treated or untreated cases of visceral leishmaniasis and is endemic to many parts of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern Africa (Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya). The disease usually manifests as a variable combination of hypopigmented patches, erythematous succulent papulo-plaques, and nodular lesions on the face and upper body and sometimes extending on the extremities, genitalia, and tongue. Atypical morphology and presentations are not uncommon, especially in endemic areas, which include photosensitivity, verrucous, hypertrophic, xanthomatous, and ulcerative lesions. Recognition of spectrum of mucocutaneous changes helps physicians in early initiation of treatment and in reducing disease transmission in the community. The differential diagnosis depends on the pattern of manifestations, but lepromatous leprosy is the closest mimicker. Since PKDL does not cause significant morbidity, at least initially, but the affected patients continue to act as a reservoir of the disease, active case detection is required to identify cases early to control the disease transmission in the community.

Post-kala-azar dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is one of the important neglected tropical diseases, which has a tremendous epidemiological significance, being the reservoir of kala-azar. Relapse and resistance to treatment along with the lack of a drug of choice and consensus treatment guideline pose a significant problem in the management of PKDL. The aim of this article was to review the available therapeutic options for PKDL, with special emphasis on their pharmaco-dynamics, pharmaco-kinetics, effectiveness, safety, tolerability, and cost factor. A comprehensive English language literature search was done for therapeutic options in PKDL across multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane) for keywords (alone and in combination). MeSH as well as non-MeSH terms such as “Kala-azar,” “Leishmaniasis” AND “Treatment,” “Management,” “Antimony Sodium Gluconate,” “Meglumine Antimoniate,” “Amphotericin B,” “Paromomycin,” “Miltefosine” were taken into consideration. Among 576 relevant articles, 15 were deemed relevant to this review. These articles were evaluated using “Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM)” AND “strength of recommendation taxonomy” (SORT) with respect to the level of evidence and grade of recommendation. The review includes 15 studies. The use of sodium stibogluconate is being discouraged because of multiple documented reports of treatment failure. Liposomal amphotericin B is emerging as a favorable option, owing to its superiority in terms of effectiveness and safety profile. Miltesfosine is the drug of choice in India because of the ease of oral administration and minimal risk of toxicity. Isolated Paromomycin alone is not effective in PKDL; however, combination therapy with sodium stibogluconate is found to be safe and effective. Combination of amphotericin B and miltefosine is one of the excellent options. Immunotherapy with combination of alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major (Alum/ALM) vaccine + Bacille Calmette-Gu´erin (BCG) has shown promising results. Kala-azar continues to haunt the tropical countries and PKDL being its reservoir is threatening its elimination. With the availability of drugs such as liposomal amphotericin B and miltefosine, apart from the advent of immunotherapy, the future of treatment of this condition looks promising.

Background: Extra-genital warts (EGWs) affect 7-10% of population. Even though a plethora of studies have been conducted to assess the impact of genital warts (GWs) showing a significant impact on the quality of life but surprisingly, barely any data has been collected on the impact of EGWs on quality of life. Aims and Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed at comparing the magnitude of EGWs on health-related quality of life and various variables with that of GWs. Patients and Methods: The study consisted of two groups of immunocompetent adults, each with 100 patients aged 18 years or above, attending the skin outpatient department at our tertiary center between April 2018 and March 2019 and consented to participate. Group A consisted of patients with EGWs and group B comprised of patients with GWs. All patients were asked to fulfill the validated Hindi hard copy of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire. Results: The mean DLQI score of patients with EGWs was 8.73 ± 0.84 and that of patients with GWs was 5.83 ± 0.83 (P = 0.026). In group A, those affected the most were patients with warts on multiple exposed sites (mean DLQI score of 14), followed by warts on feet (mean DLQI score of 10.69), followed by warts on hands (DLQI score of 9.12), and facial warts (DLQI score of 6.80). Patients with a prior history of failed treatment and/or a longer duration of illness had a higher level of dissatisfaction. To the best of our knowledge, no such study has been conducted in the past in our country. Conclusions: EGWs inflict a severe negative impact on the quality of life. Owing to its notorious persistence and recurrence, healthcare professionals must educate patients on how to prevent the spread and recurrence, discuss details of available treatment modalities while keeping in view the psychological and sociological impact.

Background: Terra firma-forme dermatosis (TFFD) is a clinical condition that may be defined as a dirty appearance of skin. Although it has been defined for many years, its clinical value is not well known. Objective: We aimed to determine the prevalence of allergic disorders (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema) to investigate if this clinical condition is associated with allergic disorders in children with TFFD. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire descriptive of allergic disorders [International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC)] was applied to all children diagnosed with TFFD at the pediatric clinics during a 6-month period specified for the study. The results were compared with the two ISAAC studies that have been previously conducted in our region. Results: The prevalence of TFFD among 1695 children examined at our outpatient clinic was found to be 3.18% (n = 54). The youngest of the children was 6 months old and the oldest 13 years, with an average age of 6.08 ± 2.69 years. Our study group had significantly greater rates and intensities of lifetime wheezing, wheezing in the last 12 months (current wheezing), lifetime allergic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis in the last 12 months; and the rate of physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis compared to the comparator groups (P < 0.005). Conclusions: The results support the view that TFFD may be a sign of associated asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Background: Identification of culprit drug causing adverse cutaneous drug reactions may not be possible clinically due to the intake of more than one drug. Aim: To compare the sensitivity of skin tests with gold standard oral rechallenge test to detect adverse cutaneous drug reactions. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective interventional hospital-based study of patients with adverse cutaneous drug reactions attending the outpatient department of dermatology and venereology at a tertiary care center over a 12-month period. Skin prick tests, intradermal tests, and oral rechallenge tests were performed in these patients and their sensitivities were compared. The data of quantitative nature is presented in mean and standard deviation, and categorical variables are presented in number and percentage. The sensitivity of skin tests is compared with the gold standard oral rechallenge test. Results: A total of 49 patients with adverse cutaneous drug reactions were evaluated. Clinical spectrum of adverse cutaneous drug reactions ranged from mild to severe, with fixed drug eruption being the commonest (55.1%) followed by maculopapular exanthem (32.7%). The highest incidence was with fluoroquinolones (43.8%) followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Fluoroquinolones were the major cause of fixed drug eruption followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The sensitivity of skin prick test and intradermal tests were 49% and 73%, respectively and the difference was highly significant (P < 0.001). The difference in sensitivity in skin prick test versus oral rechallenge test and intradermal test versus oral rechallenge test was also highly significant (P < 0.001). Limitations: Small sample size was a major limitation. Histopathological examinations and human leukocyte antigen associations could not be done. Conclusion: Predominant causative drugs were fluoroquinolones followed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sensitivities of skin prick test and intradermal test were quite good and these skin tests should be performed before oral rechallenge test in cases of adverse cutaneous drug reactions.

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological disorder. Several hormones are suspected to play a role in its etiopathogenesis. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the role of sex-hormones, metabolic status, and obesity in acne vulgaris and correlate with its severity and symptom load. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 89 female patients with acne vulgaris and certain phenotypic markers such as prepubertal onset, late-onset, persistent course, hirsutism, acanthosis nigricans, acrochordons, premenstrual flare, and diminished response to isotretinoin; suggestive of an underlying hormonal pathology. All patients were subjected to physical examination to rule out obesity and metabolic syndrome along with serum biochemistry to detect sex hormones (testosterone, progesterone, estrogen), serum insulin and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and lipid profile. Results: Among 89 patients (mean age 21.3 ± 5.3 years), 34.8% presented with late-onset/persistent/pre-pubertal acne, 33.7% presented with premenstrual flare and 28.2% presented with hirsutism. Hormonal analysis revealed elevated testosterone and progesterone with low estrogen across all categories of patients. Testosterone was significantly elevated even in mild acne. Serum lipid profile was altered significantly only in hirsute females. In total, 36% and 20.2% patients presented with metabolic syndrome and obesity, respectively; however, neither was associated with severity of acne. Conclusion: Sex-hormones, serum lipids, metabolic status, and body mass index are altered in acne vulgaris. All acne patients with endocrine markers should be evaluated for sex-hormones irrespective of severity and symptom load, whereas hirsutism may be regarded as clinical marker of lipid abnormalities. Metabolic syndrome and obesity do not seem to be directly correlated with acne severity. Thus, anti-androgens may be considered as adjuvant therapy in these patients, not responding to conventional therapy.

Background: Immunotherapy for wart employs ability of immune system to recognize certain viral, bacterial, and fungal antigens in previously sensitized individual inducing Type IV delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (up-regulated Th1 cytokines IL-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ; down-regulated Th2 cytokines IL-10), not only to injected antigen but also against wart virus. Aims: To evaluate and compare the pattern of production of Th1 cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokines (IL-10) in patients receiving immunotherapy with purified-protein-derivative (PPD), Mycobacterium w (Mw), or mumps-measles-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Methods: The cohort study conducted on patients receiving immunotherapy with PPD, Mw, or MMR which was injected intradermally at baseline, repeated every 2 weeks for 6 doses?. Five-millilit?e?r blood was collected for evaluation of cytokines at baseline and 12 weeks of treatment. Blood was centrifuged to separate serum, stored at -80°C. Cytokines were measured by ELISA using a standard kit. Results: Nine participants in PPD group, 11 in Mw group, and 12 in MMR group completed the study. IL-1 was raised from baseline in all study arms and was significant in PPD group (P = 0.008). There was a predicted increase in IFN-γ in Mw and MMR groups but not in the PPD group. In the PPD group, IFN-γ was found to be down regulated. IL-10, a Th 2 cytokine was down regulated in all the groups at the study end from baseline, significantly so in the PPD group (P = 0.027) and MMR group (P = 0.001). TNF-α, being a Th1 cytokine was down regulated in all groups instead of an increase. In PPD group, IL-10 was significantly low at study end in patients who had complete resolution of warts. Limitations: Longer follow-up could not be done due to logistic issues. Conclusion: IL-1, TNF-α upregulation and IL-10 downregulation confirm that cytokine milieu plays an important role in wart immunotherapy. TNF-α has no contributory role. IL-10 can be used as a biomarker of complete response in PPD therapy.

Background: Elderly population is vulnerable to develop a multitude of dermatological diseases, owing to comorbidities and polypharmacies. Objective: To know the prevalence of dermatological conditions in elderly patients attending outpatient department, determine the pattern and relative frequency of skin diseases, and find the relation with associated comorbidities. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on 250 patients, aged ≥60 years. Clinical diagnosis was done, followed by appropriate investigations when required. Descriptive data was analyzed on the parameters of range, mean ± S.D., frequencies, etc., Continuous variables were analyzed using unpaired t-test/Mann–Whitney U test and categorical data by Fisher's exact test/Chi-square test. Statistical software Medcalc version 10.2.0.0 for Windows vista was used. P value =0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: 250 patients were evaluated, 164 males (65.5%) and 86 females (34.4%). Mean age was 67.87 ± 7.29 years. Commonest disease category was infection (30%), followed by dermatitis (29.6%), papulo-squamous (18.4%), and immunobullous (6.4%). Difference in acute and chronic disease was significant (P = 0.0001). 30% had infections; fungal (50.66%), bacterial (32%), and viral (17.33%). 74 patients had dermatitis (29.6% of study population). Commonest systemic disease was hypertension (23.2%), followed by diabetes mellitus (19.6%). Association of diabetes mellitus was significant (P = 0.0014), more in infective dermatoses (P = 0.0007). All had signs of aging; idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis (51.2%), xerosis (45.2%), seborrheic keratosis (42.6%), cherry angioma (33.2%), senile acne (6.6%). Photoaging was noted as wrinkling (98.8%), freckles (35.6%), purpura (10.8%), telangiectasia (5.6%). People involved in outdoor activity had higher Glogau scale (3.01 ± 0.69) compared to those indoors (2.44 ± 0.74), statistically significant difference (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Our study is the first of its kind, in Eastern India, where we evaluated and explored the disease pattern and extent of geriatric dermatoses among patients attending dermatology OPD of a tertiary care hospital.

Background: Pigmented contact dermatitis (PCD) is a non-eczematoid variant of contact dermatitis, mainly characterised by hyperpigmentation. It occurs due to contact with a low amount of allergen over a long duration of time. PCD is frequently seen in Indians but is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed because of the asymptomatic nature of the entity. The aetiology and the allergens implicated in PCD in the Indian subcontinent is still an enigma because of the limited studies done. Materials and Methods: This was an institution-based cross-sectional study, done at a tertiary hospital. Patch testing with Indian Cosmetic Series was conducted in a standardised method. Readings were taken at 48 hrs/72 hrs and on the 7th day [Figure 2]a and [Figure 2]b. The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) scoring system was used to grade the readings. Results: Out of the 38 biopsy proven cases of PCD, 18 (47%) showed lichenoid features, 17 (45%) showed spongiotic features, 3 (8%) showed a mixed lichenoid and spongiotic pattern. Among total 1216 (32 patches × 38 patients) patch applied, 42 (3.4%) showed positivity in 30 patients. Among allergen categories, colorant (PPD) was found to be most common (37%) followed by fragrances (18%), preservatives (15%), anti-microbial (11%) and emulsifier and anti-oxidants (each 8%). Conclusion: It is important to identify the allergens implicated in PCD to help in better management of the condition. Patch testing proves to be a non invasive, low cost method and its role is indispensable in identifying the correct allergen.